Ka hānauʻana o ka muliwai, ka'auhue a me nā paka'āina
ʻO ka pūnaehana pūnaeweleʻo Orinoco kekahi o nā mea nui loa ma Amerika Hema, e pili ana i nā palena hema o Venezuela a me Brazil, ma ka moku'āina o Amazonas. ʻAʻole i pau ka lōʻihi o ka muliwai, me nā kohoʻana i waena o 1,500 a hiki i 1,700 mi (2,410-2,735 km) lōʻihi, e hana ana i loko o nā pūnaewele nui loa o ka honua.
He nui ka loko iʻa o Orinoco, ua hoʻoiliʻia ma waena o 880,000 a 1,200,000 square km.
Kapaʻia ka inoaʻo Orinoco mai nā hua'ōlelo Guarauno e kuhikuhi ana i "kahi wahi hoe" -i, kahi pae hoʻokele.
E holo ana ma ke komohana, ma ka'ākau, e hana ana i ka palena me Colombia, a huliʻo ia i ka hikina a me ka hiki i Venezuela ma ke ala e hele aku ai i ke Atlantic. ʻO ke kūkulu'ākau o ka Musicoco ka lau nahele nui, i kapaʻia he llanos . Aia ma kaʻaoʻao hema o ka muliwai kahi kokoke i ka hapalua o ka moku'āina o Venezuela. Nui nā māla ulu nahele i uhi i ka hapa hema o kaʻaoʻao komohana, aʻaʻole i hiki ke loaʻa i nā'āpana nui. ʻO ka Guiana Highlands, i kapaʻiaʻo ka Shield Guyana, uhi i ke koena. ʻO ka Shield Guyana he papa pōhaku mua-Cambriam, a hiki i ka 2.5 billion makahiki, aʻo kekahi o nā mea mua ma ka'āina. Eia ka papa, nā pā pōhaku e kāʻili mai ana ma waho o ka papa ulu. ʻO nā kāʻei kaulana loaʻo Roraima lāuaʻo Auyantepui, mai ka hāʻuleʻana mai o kaʻAne Angel.
Ma kahi o 200 mau muliwai he mau hoʻokupu no ke mele mele kaulana e hoʻonui i 1290 mi (2150 km) mai ke kumu ai ka lihi.
I loko o ka wā ua, hiki ke kahawai i kahi ākea o 13 m (22 km) ma San Rafael de Barrancas a hohonu hohonu 330 ft (100 m). 1000 m (1670 km) o ka Musicoco he loea lele, a he 341 mau mea o ia mau mea e hoʻohanaʻia no ka holoʻana i nā moku nui.
Aia ka muliwaiʻo Orinoco iʻehā mau āpana'āina.
ʻO Alto Orinoco
Hoʻomaka ka Musicoco ma ka maunaʻo Delgado Chalbaud, he kahawai liʻiliʻi e pili ana i nā kahawai a me ka'āina mālū. ʻO ka mea kaulana i hāʻule i kēia wahi, 56 m (17 m)ʻo Salto Libertador. ʻO ka hoʻokele, kahi hiki ma kēiaʻaoʻao o ka muliwai, ma kahi shallow dugout, a waʻa paha. 60 mile (100 km) mai ke kumu mai,ʻo ka mea mua,ʻo Ugueto, e pili ana i ka Musicoco. ʻO kaʻoi aku o ke kiʻekiʻe, hāloi a hāneʻe ka wai i ka wai, wikiwiki a paʻakikī i ka hoʻokeleʻana. 144 mile (240 km) ma lalo, ke paniʻo High Musicoco me nā rapids Guaharibos.
ʻO Amazonas ka moku nui loa o Venezuela, a aiaʻelua mau māla'āina nui,ʻo Parima Tapirapecó a me Serranía de la Neblina, nā papa hakahaka a me nā monumoku kūlohelohe, e like me Cerro Autana, a tepuy ma ka hema o Puerto Ayacucho,ʻo ia ka mauna kapu o ka Piaroa iwi ka poʻe e manaʻoʻiʻo anaʻo ia ka hānau hānau o ke ao holoʻokoʻa.
ʻO ia hoʻi ka'āina hānau o nā lāhui'ōiwi maoli,ʻo ia ka Yanomani, Piaroa a me Guajibo. ʻO Puerto Ayacucho, kahiʻoi o ka mokulele me nā holoʻana a me waho o Caracas a me nā kūlanakauhale'ē aʻe,ʻo ia ka puka nui i ka moku'āina. Aia kahiʻoihana kaʻakaʻi a me nāʻoihana kūʻai. ʻO nā hale hoʻokipa, i kapaʻiaʻo nā kahua hoʻomoana, e hāʻawi ana i nāʻano paipai he nui.
ʻO ka pūʻali kaulana loaʻoʻo Yutajé Camp, ma ke awāwa Manapiare ma ka hikina o Puerto Ayacucho. Loaʻa iā ia kona'alaʻalihi a hiki i kahi kanakolu kānaka.
ʻO ka holo ma waho a ma waho o ka muliwai a me ka ea, akā, kūkuluʻia nā alanui a mālamaʻia, e like me ka mea i Samaria, i ka wā i hala aku i nā kahawai. E lawe i kēia mākaʻikaʻi maikaʻi no nā kahawai a me nā hoʻokele'āina mai ka moku'āinaʻo Amazonas.
ʻO Orinoco Medio
Ma kahi o 450 mile (750 km), mai nā huawai Guaharibos i nā hua o Atures, hele ka Musicoco ma ke komohana a hiki i ka muliwaiʻo Mavaca e hui pū me ka wai i ka'ākau. ʻO nā mea'ē aʻe e like me ka'Ocamo e hui pū me ka muliwai e hoʻonui i ka 1320 ft (500 m) a me ke koʻi one i nā mokupuni liʻiliʻi i ka muliwai. Ke kahe aku nei nā muliwai Casiquiare a me Esmeralda mai loko aku o ke Musicoco e hui pū me kekahi e hoʻokumu i ka Rio Negro i hiki i Amazon.
Hoʻopiliʻia ka muliwaiʻo Cunucunuma a me ka Musicoco i ke kūkulu'ākau, e pili ana i ka Shield Shield. Hāʻawi mai ke kahawaiʻo Ventuari me ka one a hiki i nā kahakai ma San Fernando de Atabapo. Ma kahi o ka muliwaiʻo Atabapo, Guaviare a me Irínida e hui pū ai i ke kahe,ʻo ka Musicoco e piʻi i kahi kokoke 5000 ft (1500 m).
ʻO ka hapanui o nā poʻe kama'āina o Venezuelan e noho nei ma loko o ke pohoʻo Musicoco. ʻO nā hui kūikawā nui loaʻo iaʻo Guaica (Waica), i kapaʻiaʻo Guaharibo, a me ka Maquiritare (Makiritare) o ke kai hema,ʻo ke Warrau (Delta), a me ka Guahibo a me ke kuhina o Llanos. Ke noho nei kēia poʻe i loko o ka pilina pili me nā muliwai o ke kīʻaha, e hoʻohana ana ia mea i meaʻai a me nā mea e pono ai ke kamaʻilio. (Encyclopedia Britannica)
Hoʻonui ka nui o ka poʻe hoʻokupu, ka hoʻonuiʻana i ka wai a me ka hoʻokumuʻana i kahi pahu kaha nui ma Maipures a me Atures ma Puerto Ayacucho.
ʻO kēia kahi kahi kahi i holoʻole aiʻo Musicoco.
ʻO Bajo Orinoco
E hoʻouka ana i ka rapūʻo Atures i Piacoa, e hoʻolilo ana kēia 570 mi (950 km) i ka nui o nā muliwai. Ma kahi e hui ai ka Meta, huli ka muliwai i ka'ākau, a me nā kahawai Cinacuro, Capanaparo a me Apure, huli i ka hikina. ʻO Manzanares, Iguana, Suata, Pao, Caris, Caroní, Paragua, Carrao, Caura, Aro a me Cuchivero nā muliwai e hoʻonui i ka mele o Musicoco.
ʻO ka muliwai ma kēia ākea a lohi.
ʻO kēia māhele o ka Musicoco ka mea i ulu nui a lehulehu. Mai ka uluʻana o kaʻaila i ka hapalua o ka 20, ua ulu kaʻoihana ahupuaʻa, kālepa a me ka heluna kanaka. Ua kūkuluʻiaʻo Ciudad Bolívar a me Ciudad Guayana i nā kūlanakauhale nui, i kūkuluʻia i kahi kiʻekiʻe loa mai nā kahawai mai e pale ai i ka kaheʻana.
Ma waena o nā mokupuni o ka muliwai ma Ciudad Bolívar ka inoaʻo Alexander von Humboldt i inoaʻo Orinocómetro . He mea makamai ia no ka piʻiʻana a me ka hāʻuleʻana o ka muliwai. ʻAʻohe manawa maoli i ka Musicoco, akāʻo ka ua ua kapaʻiaʻo ka hoʻoilo. E hoʻomaka ana iaʻApelila a hiki iʻOkakopa a me Nowemapa paha. Hoʻopihaʻia ka lepo a me nā pōhaku a me nā mea'ē aʻe mai uka mai i ka Musicoco. ʻAʻole hiki ke mālama i kēia keu, piʻi ka muliwai a kahe i nā llanos a me nā wahi a puni. ʻO ka wā nui loa o ka wai ka mea maʻamau i Iulai, ke piʻi ka wai o Ciudad Bolívar mai 40 a 165 kapuaʻi i ka hohonu. Mālie ka wai iʻAukake, a ma ka mahinaʻo Novemaba i kahi haʻahaʻa.
I hoʻokumuʻia ma 1961, ma Ciudad Guayana, ma lalo o Ciudad Bolívar, ke kila, ke alumini, a me ka pepa, no ka mana i hanaʻia e nā Macagua a me Guri ma ke kahawaiʻo Caroní.
Ke ulu nei i loko o ke kūlanakauhale wikiwiki wikiwiki o Venesuela, ua kauʻia ma luna o ka muliwai a ua hoʻokomoʻo ia i ka kūlanakauhaleʻo San Felix i ka makahikiʻumikumamāono ma kekahiʻaoʻao aʻo ke kūlanakauhale hou o Puerto Ordaz ma kekahiʻaoʻao. Aia kekahi alaloa nui ma waena o Caracas a me Ciudad Guayana, akāʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea e pono ai ka hoʻolimalimaʻana o ka moku e hoʻomauʻia e Musicoco.
Ke hāʻawi aku nei kēia Hōʻaikaʻi Mākaʻi iāʻoe i ka manaʻo o nā kahawai a me nā uluʻoihana i ka moku'āinaʻo Bolívar.
ʻO Delta del Orinoco
Māheleʻo ia i Barrancas a me Piacoa. ʻO ke kahawaiʻoʻAkelanika, he 165 mi (275 km) ka lōʻihi ma waena o Pedernales a me ke kahawai o Pariah i ke kūkulu'ākau, aʻo Punta Barima a me ka Amacuro ma ka hema, e hoʻonui ana i 12,000 sq mi (30,000 sq km), ke ulu mau nei nui. ʻO ka mākia i ka nui a me ka hohonu,ʻo ia ka Macareo, Sacupana, Araguao, Kuiki, Pedernales, nā kahawai Cocuima a me kahi lālā o ka muliwai nui.
Ke hoʻololi mau nei ka delta o ka Musicoco e like me ka wai e lawe mai ai i ka meaʻai no ka hanaʻana a me ka hoʻonuiʻana i nā mokupuni, nā loli hou a me nā kahawai i kapaʻiaʻo caños . Ke kiolaʻia nei i loko o ka moanaʻAkelanika, akā,ʻoiaiʻo ka'ohihiʻuʻai a hoʻolahaʻia i waho,ʻo ke kaumaha o ia mea ke hana i ka paleʻana e hoʻololi ai i ka pilina o ke kahawai. Hoʻopili ke kuhiʻana i nā kaha nui no ka hoʻokele, akā ma nā kua i hope, kahi ulu o ka mangrove a me nā mea kanu,
ʻO Tortola, Isla de Tigre a me Mata-Mata kekahi mau mokupuni maikaʻi loa o ka moku.
ʻO ka Delta del Orinoco (Mariusa) ma loko o ke kepa e hoʻopaʻa i 331000 hecta o nā ululāʻau, nā manuahi, nā manuawa, nā lau nahele a me nā iʻa. ʻO ia ka home o kaʻohanaʻo Warao e hoʻomau i ko lākou nohona maʻamau o ka poʻe hahai holoholona / lawaiʻa. ʻO ka pāʻani ma kahi kokoke i ka hana kai hoʻomaha loa. Eia nō hoʻi ka cueva del Guácharo, ke ana me nā hua puaʻa prehistoric iʻikeʻia e Humboldt i kona wā eʻimi ana i ka wahi.
ʻO nā kauhale a me nā hale liʻiliʻi ma ia wahi e hāʻawi aku i nā malihini i ka manawa eʻimi ai i nā pahu i nā waʻa liʻiliʻi, i nā iʻa, e hauʻoli i ka flora nduna a hele i ka pale.